The images released by Islamic State of militants smashing statues at ancient sites were a horrifying aspect of their advance across Northern Iraq and Syria during 2015-16. Their leaders justified this iconoclasm (destruction of images) by arguing that such actions were divinely decreed in Islam, a notion that has remained fixed in the public consciousness. The Image Debate: Figural Representation in Islam and Across the World is a collection of thirteen essays which examine the controversy surrounding the use of images in Islamic and other religious cultures and seek to redress some of the misunderstandings that have arisen. Written by leading academics from the United States, Australia, Turkey, Israel and the United Kingdom, the book has a foreword by Stefano Carboni, Director of the Art Gallery of Western Australia, followed by an introduction by the editor Christiane Gruber, who sets the subject in context with a detailed examination of the debates over idols and the production of figural images in Islamic traditions. Twelve further articles are divided into three sections: the first deals with pre-modern Islam: Mika Natif looks at tensions between the Hadith prohibition on images and the praxis of image-making under the Umayyad dynasty and argues that the Umayyad rulers used imagery to establish their political and religious authority; Finbarr Barry Flood examines the practice of epigraphic erasure, i.e., the removal of names of rulers and patrons from historical inscriptions from the medieval Islamic world; and Oya Pancaroglu focuses on the figural conventions of an illustrated manuscript of Varqa and Gulshah, a medieval Persian romance composed in the masnavi (rhyming couplet) form by the 11th-century poet `Ayyuqi. The second section addresses the situation outside Islam: Alicia Walker surveys attitudes toward the production and veneration of religious images in Byzantium from the earliest years of the Christian Roman Empire (early 4th century) to the aftermath of the Iconoclast controversy (late 9th century); Steven Fine explores the history of Jewish engagement with `art' from Roman antiquity through the high middle ages through a detailed exploration of the 3rd-century Dura Europos synagogue and its wall paintings; Michael Shenkar examines evidence for the employment of figural images in the cultic practices of some of the major ancient Iranian cultural and political entities, offering a broad perspective on perceptions of images in ancient Iranian worship; and Robert DeCaroli delves into the question of why no image of the Buddha was made during the first five hundred years of Buddhism. The third section brings the reader back to Islamic lands with five articles examining aspects of the issue in the modern and contemporary periods: Yousuf Saaed investigates South Asian mass-produced images, especially posters that include illustrations of local Sufi shrines, portraits of saints and Shi`i iconography; James Bennett explores the visual depiction of Javanese shadow puppets (wayang kulit), including the sage Begawan Abiyasa, whose narratives convey key elements of Sufi mystical philosophy; Allen and Mary Roberts consider images of Cheikh Amadu Bamba, the founding Sufi saint of the Senegalese Mouride order; Rose Issa addresses how the term `Islamic' relates to contemporary art, how artists manage to create work in countries in constant turmoil and to what extent such works reflect their conceptual, aesthetic, and socio-political concerns; and finally Shiva Balaghi traces the use of the figure, along its symbolic shadows and silhouettes, in works by notable Iranian artists living in Iran and in diaspora.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

The book documents the history and morphology of the Ancient City of Aleppo, outlining first the urbanistic development of the city and then focusing on the architectural heritage with specific focus on the domestic architecture, addressing the initiatives to reconstruct and rehabilitate the urban fabric. The author argues in favour of the safeguarding and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage to protect the cultural memory of the inhabitants of Aleppo, despite of the destruction of architecture due to the recent war. Through a capillary documentation of the palimpsest of Aleppo - the peculiar characteristics of its courtyard houses and the neighbourhoods of Bayyada, Bab Quinnesrin and al-Farafra - this is a theoretical and practical handbook for architects, urban planners and restorers alike. Through this analytical discussion of the city's urban fabric, it introduces the concept of the cultural urban landscape acting as a 'cohesive territorial organism', nourished by different cultures, in which contrasting scales of land, city and neighbourhood are interconnected in a fractal state. With a focus on retaining the uniqueness and diversity of this residential typology, which bore witness to the rich cultural history of Syria and the Middle East as a whole, Neglia maps a future reconstruction that focuses on cultural continuity, tradition and the re-establishment of a crucial social memory. Of particular interest and relevance to cultural heritage experts, urban planners architects and designers. Also, to researchers, scholars and students interested in studies on urban morphology and building typology, UNESCO and ICOMOS. Scholars and students interested in the Middle East. Will also be of significant interest to professionals dealing with the implementation of rehabilitation measures in other cities inscribed on the Word Cultural Heritage List, or cities with a sound historic fabric which has been destroyed due to war or other events.

Die wissenschaftliche Arbeit behandelt den Vergleich von verschiedenen Analysemethoden zur Bestimmung des Eisengehaltes von Eisenoxiden. Der theoretische Teil befasst sich mit der Abhandlung einer Literaturrecherche zu diesem Thema. Neben der klassischen nasschemischen Bestimmung, der Titration, werden auch alternative Analyseverfahren beschrieben. Der praktische Teil beinhaltet die Auswertung von Wirbelschichtversuchen, die im Rahmen eines Ringversuches analysiert und ausgewertet wurden. Von den bestimmten Analysewerten wurden Diagramme erstellt und die Genauigkeit der Messdaten berechnet. Die Auswertung ergab, dass nahezu alle Industrielaboratorien die nasschemischen Analyseverfahren bevorzugen. Des Weiteren wichen die Ergebnisse der alternativen Methoden deutlich von den Verfahren der Titration ab. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden Moglichkeiten zur weiteren Vorgehensweise vorgeschlagen, um die Vergleichbarkeit der Methoden bzw. des Ringversuches zu optimieren.

Die Glaubwurdigkeit der Kommunikation ist das zentrale Thema dieses Buches. Es stellt Strategien vor, wie man authentisch kommuniziert - im Unternehmen; in einer Presselandschaft, die gepragt ist von Konkurrenzkampf, Vereinfachung und Zeitnot; und vor dem Hintergrund einer Gegenoffentlichkeit, die eine junge Generation von kritischen Konsumenten im Internet etabliert, um dort ethisches Wirtschaften einzufordern."

The tales of the mi'raj describe the prophet Muhammad's journey through the heavens, his encounters with prophets and angels, and his visit to heaven and hell. The tales are among Islam's most popular, appearing in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature, and in later adaptations throughout the Muslim world. Often serving as narratives designed to promote the worldview of particular Muslim groups, the tales were also a means for communities to construct rules of normative behavior and ritual practices, and were used to assert the superiority of Islam over other religions. The essays in this collection discuss the formation of this narrative, the mi'raj as a missionary text, its various adaptations, its application to esoteric thought, and its use in performance and ritual.

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2003 im Fachbereich Informatik - Angewandte Informatik, Note: 1,0, Technische Universiat Wien (Technische Naturwissenschaften und Informatik), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Meine Diplomarbeit stellt einen generischen Ansatz dar, mit dem fur auf Datenbanken basierende Software Eingabemasken, Suchmasken etc. generiert werden konnen, sodass etwaige Anderungen an der Datenbank keine Auswirkungen auf die Scripts haben. Da die Entwicklung dieses Ansatzes mit einem Auftrag aus der Wirtschaft verbunden war und somit als eigenstandiges IT-Projekt angesehen werden kann, wird in der Arbeit auch der allgemeine Ablauf eines solchen Projektes vorgestellt, Vorgehensmodelle diskutiert und die eigene Vorgehensweise ausfuhrlich begrundet. Daruber hinaus gibt ein Kapitel uber generische Modelle einen Uberblick, welche Losungen moderne Programmiersprachen wie Java oder C++ fur generische Programmierung bereitstellen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.PERSONLICHE MOTIVATION UND ZIELSETZUNG4 2.DER AUFTRAG5 2.ADIE FIRMA5 2.BSYSTEMSPEZIFIKATION6 2.b.iZiel des Projektes6 2.b.iiEntwicklungsumgebung6 2.b.iiiLeistungsumfang6 2.b.ivLixto6 2.b.vSystemarchitektur7 2.b.viBackoffice7 2.b.viiWebshop*10 3.VORGEHENSMODELLE BEI PROJEKTEN11 3.ABUILD-AND-FIX ZYKLUS11 3.BDER SOFTWARE-LIFE-CYCLE12 3.CDAS WASSERFALLMODELL13 3.DDAS V-MODELL14 3.EDAS SPIRALMODELL16 3.FDAS INKREMENTELLE MODELL17 3.GEXTREME PROGRAMMING20 3.HPROJEKT WEBSHOP22 4.ANALYSE23 4.AANFORDERUNGSANALYSE23 4.BANALYSEMODELL26 5.MODELLIERUNGSKONZEPTE KONZEPTIONELLER DATENMODELLE30 5.AKLASSIFIKATION31 5.BAGGREGATION32 5.CVERALLGEMEINERUNG (GENERALISIERUNG)33 6.ENTWURF34 6.ASYSTEM35 6.BUSER INTERFACE38 6.b.iWebshop39 6.b.iiBackoffice41 6.CEER44 7.GENERISCHE MODELLE53 7.AGENERISCHE DATENTYPEN54 7.BEIN VERGLEICH DER GENERISCHEN PROGRAMMIERUNG MIT JAVA UND C++55 7.CBEISPIEL: FORMULARE MIT PHP GENERISCH AUSWERTEN56 7.DAKTUELLE FORSCHUNGEN58 8.IMPLEMENTIERUNG61 8.ASUCHMASKE65 8.a.iSearch.p